Arabic Conlang script converter Translator

Arabic alphabet In July 1921, the 2nd Congress of Soviets decided to create their own script as the state language. In December 1922, the Congress formed a commission for the development of a new official alphabet and spelling at the ASSR's Academic Center of the People's Commissariat of Education. This alphabet remained in use until the official adoption of Latin alphabet in 1930.[7] The commission adapted the Arabic alphabet to the needs of phonology. The commission excluded some letters and normalized the spelling of vowels. The process wasn't without controversy. During the conference, 3 proposals came to be considered, "Old orthography / Iśke imlä", "Middle orthography / Urta imlä", and "New orthography / Yaña imlä". Old orthography was the existing old Bashkir written tradition that was in use for centuries. Middle orthography was a middle-ground modification that proposed modifying the alphabet to match context or a marker for indicating the specific vowel sounds of each word. Its proponents argued that this orthography would be the most realistic, and it will be the easiest to implement. "New orthography" proposed a radical modification, specifically to add 9 vowels. At the end of the day, "New orthography" was deemed too unrealistic to implement, as printing presses in the region did not have the required letter types. Thus "middle orthography" was adopted and was referred to as "New orthography / Yaña imlä" in contrast with the old.[7] The new writing system used a hamza on ya (ئـ‌ ئ) at the beginning of words that start with vowels.[8] The alphabet underwent several minor iterations of changes and updates to the orthographic conventions between 1924 and 1930. The officially-approved alphabet contained the following consonant and vowel letters: Abkhaz, Bashkir, Chechen, etc. Arabic alphabet consonants [7][9] Arabic (Cyrillic) [IPA] ب‎ (Б б) [b][β] پ‎ (П п) [p] ت‎ (Т т) [t] ث‎ (Ҫ ҫ) [θ] د‎ (Д д) [d] ذ‎ (Ҙ ҙ) [ð] Arabic (Latin) [IPA] ر‎ (Р р) [r] ژ‎ (Ж ж) [ʐ] س‎ (С с) [s] ش‎ (Ш ш) [ʃ] ع‎ (Ғ ғ) [ʁ] ق‎ (Ҡ ҡ) [q] Arabic (Latin) [IPA] ك‎ (К к) [k] گ‎ (Г г) [g] ڭ‎ (Ң ң) [ŋ~ɴ] ل‎ (Л л) [l] م‎ (М м) [m] ن‎ (Н н) [n] Arabic (Latin) [IPA] و‎ (У у / Ү ү) [w] ھ‎ (Һ һ) [h] ی‎ (Й й) [j] ئ‎ (- / Ъ ъ / Ь ь) [ʔ] ج‎ (Җ җ) [d͡ʒ] ح‎ (Х х) [χ] Arabic (Latin) [IPA] ز‎ (З з) [z] ف‎ (Ф ф) [ɸ] ۋ‎ (В в) [v~w] Arabic alphabet Vowels Rounded Unrounded Close Open Close Open Back Arabic ࢭئو / ࢭـو‎ ࢭئۇ / ࢭـۇ‎‎ ࢭئىُـ / ࢭـىُـ/ ࢭىُ‎ ئا / ا / ‍ـا‎ Cyrillic (Latin) У у (U u) О о (O o) Ы ы (I ı) А а (A a) IPA [u] [ʊ] [ɯ] [ɑ] Front Arabic ئو / ـو‎ ئۇ / ـۇ‎ ئيـ / یـ / ی‎ ئىُـ / ـىُـ/ ىُ‎ ئە / ـە / ە‎ Cyrillic (Latin) Ү ү (Ü ü) Ө ө (Ö ö) И и (İ i) Э э / Е е (Ee) Ә ә (Ä ä) IPA [ʏ] [ø] [e] [ɪ] [æ] Similar to other Turkic languages, vowel harmony rules. has two-dimensional vowel harmony rules, front versus back vowels, and rounded versus unrounded vowels. There are 9 vowel sounds, but the orthography only offers 6 letters (ئا، ئە، یـ، ىُـ، و، ۇ). Thus in order to determine how a vowel letter is pronounced, reliance, either on a special diacritic, or on word context is required. low alef ⟨ ࢭ‎ ⟩ has a unique role in Arabic scripts, a role not seen in other Arabic scripts. Arabic script makes use of this special diacrtici U+08AD ࢭ ARABIC LETTER LOW ALEF, and it can only ever come at the beginning of words. It never comes in the middle or end of words. Low alef doesn't represent any sound. This vowel makes in my mouth as an [ɑ] sound, which is written with an alif ⟨ ئا / ا‎ ⟩, i.e. at back of the mouth. The corresponding front vowel pairs of the three aforementioned back vowels are the following: ىُـ / ىُ‎: Э э / Е е (E e) ۇ‎: Ө ө (Ӧ ӧ) و‎: Ү ү (Ü ü) Hamza plays a similar but inverse role in Kazakh Arabic Alphabet, marking that vowels in a word will be front vowels. There are exceptions in Bashkir orthography, meaning words that will have back vowels, but won't have low alef written for them. First are words that contain the vowel alef А а (A a) (shown in Arabic Script as ئا / ا / ـا). This vowel is a back vowel, and its corresponding front vowel pair is written with a different letter altogether. Thus, it is an unambiguous conclusion that any word containing alef, will have all its other vowels as back vowels too. Thus, the low alef will be redundant, and so it's not written. For example, the word йорт (yort), meaning "house", is written with low alef, as ࢭیۇرت . But in its plural form, йортлар (yortlar is written as یۇرتتار. Inversely, words that contain the vowel Ә ә (Ä ä) (shown in Arabic Script as ئە / ـە / ە) or И и (İ i) (shown in Arabic Script as ئیـ / ـیـ / ی) are unambiguously words in which all vowels will be front vowels. The second exception, is words that contain the following consonants: Г г (G g) (گ) Ғ ғ (Ğ ğ) (ع) К к (K k) (ك) Ҡ ҡ (Q q) (ق) As per Bashkir phonology, the letters Г г (G g) (گ) and К к (K k) (ك) can only be accompanied by front vowels. Thus there won't be any words containing these consonants that would need low alef. In contrast, the letters Ғ ғ (Ğ ğ) (ع) and Ҡ ҡ (Q q) (ق) can only be accompanied by back vowels. This means that they themselves act as indicators that vowels in a word are back vowels, thus eliminating a need for low alef. For example, the word йылы (yılı), meaning "warm", is written as ࢭیىُلىُ, whereas, a derived word, such as йылылыҡ / yılılıq, meaning "heat", is written as یىُلىُلىُق. The rejected "New orthography / Yaña imlä" proposal would not have had reliance on such orthographic conventions as those mentioned above for the actually adopted "Middle orthography". Instead, this orthography was to have 9 vowels, one per each sound, as shown on the below table. Vowels in the rejected "New Orthography" proposal for Cyrillic (Latin) Arabic Final Medial Isolated Initial А а (A a) ا ـا ا ئا Ә ә (Ä ä) ـە / ە ـىَـ ىَـ ئىَـ Ы ы (I ı) ىُٖـ ـىُٖـ ىُٖـ ئىُٖـ Е е / Э э (E e) ىُـ ـىُـ ىُـ ئىُـ И и (İ i) ىِـ ـىِـ ىِـ ئىِـ О о (O o) ۈ ـۈ ۈ ئۈ У у (U u) وٓ ـوٓ وٓ ئوٓ Ө ө (Ö ö) ۇ ـۇ ۇ ئۇ Ү ү (Ü ü) و ـو و ئو